A brief discussion on some related problems in the study of Zhuzhici

 ♦ Wang Jijie

    Since Liu Yuxi, the "poetry master" of the Middle Tang Dynasty, collected, arranged, processed and improved the folk songs into a basic form of poetry, it has been loved and used by poets of all dynasties for more than one thousand years until now。Its form capacity of seven words and four sentences is equivalent to that of seven words, which is only larger than five words in all the poetic forms of Chinese dynasties。However, it has been used by poets for a long time and a high frequency, I am afraid that there is no other form can be compared with it except the ancient style song and the modern style law which are also fixed in the Tang Dynasty。Although Ci and Qu became the main form of poetry in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and are still widely used by the majority of poetry writers until now, their time limit has not exceeded the bamboo Ci. It can even be said that bamboo Ci is the source of the form evolution of Ci and Qu, which has increased the status and value of bamboo Ci。、

    In addition, Liu Yuxi in the "bamboo Zhici Nine and cited" the bamboo Zhici and Qu Yuan's "nine songs" on the same level, and have "so I made nine bamboo Zhici, so that the song is free, attached to the end, after the Lingba 歈, know how to change the wind.。It is obvious that he has the obvious literary purpose of changing the poetic style or opening a new generation of poetic style。However, he did not put forward many programmatic literary propositions like Bai Juyi advocated "New Yuefu", and no one in the later poetry circle said that he launched the poetry movement of Zhuzhici。However, none of the many poetic movements or poetic styles that have put forward clear slogans can rival the duration of Zhuzhici。I am afraid that even Liu Yuxi himself did not think of this, can not but say that it is a literary miracle。And this miracle is produced in the Changde area of this cultural hot land, Changde area is a precious cultural heritage and pride!

    Zhuzhici has such an important position and influence in the history of literature, why can it have such a long artistic vitality？Whether its artistic vitality is related to the genetic characteristics of its form？How has it evolved over the long course of its history？In the current era, how should we carry on the in-depth study and carry forward it？These problems have become an inescapable historical responsibility of Changde people who thrive on culture。As a Changde people, I want to talk about some of the issues related to the study of Zhuzhicci with some personal views, and hope that the relevant experts and scholars criticize the church。


    First, the original ecological speculation of bamboo


    The original form of bamboo Ci, as Comrade Liu Leizhong said in "Changde Ancient and Modern Bamboo Ci Selection" book "Preface 2" : "Ancient original folk bamboo lyrics can not be examined because there is no historical record。He had another paragraph at the beginning of the article: "During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Cui Lingqin's" Jiao Fang Ji Song name "has been" bamboo Zhizi ".。But this "bamboo branch" is not a bamboo branch word。There are two bamboo branches in the "Cloud ballad collection miscellaneous music", each with two levels, each with a sentence pattern of 756 677, which is very different from the seven words and four sentences of the bamboo branches。Of course this is right, I dare not say that he is wrong。I just want to put forward another speculation: whether "bamboo Zhizi" is the predecessor of "bamboo Zhizi", or a form of the predecessor？The reasons for my speculation are as follows:

    1. Liu Yuxi said in "Nine Poems and Quotations of Bamboo Poems" : "Four songs, different sounds and the same music。In the first month of the year, I came to Jianping, in the children's joint song bamboo branches, playing piccolo, drumming to the festival。The singers together look at the dance, to the song is more virtuous。Listen to its sound, the feather of the yellow bell, the pawn chapter to attack the voice of Wu。Although they are not separated from each other, they have the beautiful sound of Qi Ao。In the past, Qu Yuan lived in Xiangyuan, its people to meet God, the words are more humble, is to make "nine songs", to this day, Jing Chu inspired it。Therefore, I have composed nine pieces of bamboo poems, which are my favorite songs, attached to the end, and the Lingba after 歈, I know how to change the wind。Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs" is out of the Yuan Li River basin, that is, today's Changde area, its influence in the Yuan Li River basin is much higher than any other area and thousands of years, which is the meaning of "to this day, Jing Chu inspired.。This shows that in the bamboo branches of the song, there are still some Qu Zi legacy。However, Qu Shi does not have seven words and four sentences, which is characterized by being long in proclaiming, narrating and lyricism, with more and longer sentences, and its language is more ancient, and has many modal words。After Nine Songs, through the evolution of Yuefu songs since the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties, its language style has changed with the changes of The Times, but it is rarely seven words and four sentences, and the length is larger than the last sentence of the Tang Dynasty。It was not until the early Tang Dynasty and the prosperous Tang Dynasty that the seven-character and four-sentence poems became popular。Therefore, it is reasonable that there are songs such as bamboo Mieko in the sentence pattern before it。

    2. Cui Lingqin's "Jiao Fang Record • Song Names" records the popular song names in the churches of the developed metropolitan areas, and it should be the song names that have been popular in society。Perhaps some people think that when Liu Yuxi came to Jianping (changed Wuling County into Jianping County in the New Mang period, that is, Langzhou of the Tang Dynasty, today's Changde), he heard the "Lizhong children's united songs of bamboo branches", at that time Jianping should be a remote land of barbarism, and its folk music may not have much to do with the music in some metropolitan schools。Not so much。The early and prosperous Tang Dynasties were a very open society, with frequent exchanges of personnel, materials and culture. Many of the original remote areas were developed and prospered during this period, not to mention Langzhou, which was a state capital after all？Last year, when I discussed the topic of why Lizhou in the late Tang Dynasty (that is, Lixian County under the jurisdiction of Changde today, which governed the entire Lishui River basin in ancient times) could become an important holy place of Buddhism in the South, I found that Lang and Lishui developed and prospered in the early and prosperous Tang Dynasties and got rid of the backward hat of "barbaric states"。这从常德与澧州的一些方志记载和唐代众多皇亲国戚（如唐太宗之弟李元则和宪宗的驸马杜悰）与重臣主政二州的政绩，及大量著名诗人描写朗澧二州的光辉诗篇中，都能得到足够的证据。Therefore, the music songs of some metropolitan churches must be brought or transmitted to Langzhou。Liu Yuxi himself said that he heard "the song in the middle of the bamboo branch... •••• Listen to its sound, the feather of the yellow bell, the death of the chapter to attack the voice of Wu.。Although they are not separated from each other, they have the beautiful sound of Qi Ao。This shows that the bamboo branches sung by the "Li Zhong Er" in Langzhou are not only in line with the formal yellow bell feathers of the Jiao Fang, but also have similarities with the music of the Central Plains and Wu, thousands of miles away, which shows that the music of various places has influenced and blended with each other at that time。Li Zhong 'er is obviously not a professional actress，His singing was "incoherent". ，But the tunes they sang were "full of thought，There is the beautiful sound of Qi Ao" ，So it's not just influenced by music from other parts of the world，There is also a high artistic content，This is likely to be related to the processing of some professional musicians in the workshop，It is also possible that there are two que, seven five six seven sentence pattern of bamboo branches。

    因此，We can keep guessing，Cui Lingqin said "bamboo Zhizi" and "Cloud ballad collection miscellaneous music" in the two bamboo Zhizi，Each capital rises and falls twice，Each is the sentence pattern of seven five six seven seven，This is not the path through the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and northern dynasties after the language evolution，Some rare words and many modal words in Qu poetry have been eliminated，It has retained the legacy of Qu Zi，Condensed into the sentence pattern of seven five six seven？Poetry developed into the Middle Tang Dynasty，The refined form of modern rhyme has been advocated by many poets，Does Liu Yuxi also think that the double-tone bamboo miezi of the sentence pattern of 75, 66, 77 is no longer in line with the refined fashion，Specially according to the aesthetic concepts and tastes of the time to "change the wind" ，Reduce the double tone to monotone，The five and six in the sentence pattern of seven five six seventy-seven are combined into seven，It became a popular form of seven words and four sentences to conform to the singing fashion and aesthetic taste of people at that time？Why else would he call it a "change of wind"? ？And specifically pointed out that we should let "the future leaf 歈, know how to change the wind." ？That is, after people know that this "change of wind" is from him Liu Yuxi began。

    3, Liu Yuxi in the "cited" said "in the children of the song bamboo branch", only said "bamboo branch" and did not say "bamboo branch" or "bamboo branch words" 。Earlier than Liu Yuxi, the earliest bamboo poems that can be found now are the two poems by Gu Kuang, a poet of the Middle Tang Dynasty, also named "Bamboo Zhi", and do not specify whether it is "bamboo Zhizi" or "bamboo Zhizi". 。Before the Kaiyuan Tianbao period, Du Fu wrote a poem called "Fengji Li 15 Secretary Wenyi", which mentioned that "bamboo songs are not good, painted boats are not late back", and Liu Shang's "Autumn Night listen to Yanshen Ba Tong singing bamboo songs", its name is "bamboo songs". 。Feng Zhi "Yunxian Miscella • Bamboo branch song" cloud: "Zhang Xu sang bamboo branch song after drinking, repeatedly will be nine times is stopped。Its name is also "bamboo branch song", which is neither "bamboo branch song" nor "bamboo branch song". 。This shows at least two points: First, the Zhuzhici is by no means unique to Langzhou。Second, before Liu Yuxi's "changing wind", the appellation of Zhuzhici was very confusing。Is it because Liu Yuxi called it "Zhuzhici" in order to unify its title in order to "change the wind" and got the result recognized by the poets？There's no way that's possible，That is, the beginning of the Zhuzhi Ci，Or the bamboo Ci of a certain area is a multi-sentence form such as Qi5677，Before Liu Yuxi，Gu State, Yuan Jie and others have carried out some preliminary transformation according to the fashion trend at that time，It was not until Liu Yuxi seriously and comprehensively sorted out, reformed and shaped，And advocate to the poetry world？

    Another point, "Zhang Xu sang bamboo branch song after drinking, and will be repeated until nine times.。The "back" of these nine times is whether it is the overlap of Wang Wei's "Yangguan Sandiao", that is, the number of songs？If yes, nine times is nine stacks, that is, nine paragraphs, and Liu Yuxi's bamboo Ci "change the wind" representative is just nine bamboo Ci, then, the nine times, nine stacks, nine, whether it is related to Qu Yuan's "Nine songs" nine？ The more you open your mind, the more problems you have。All these problems deserve further study。

    Based on the above assumptions, I speculate that the original form of bamboo poems in the early Tang Dynasty and even the high Tang Dynasty is not necessarily like Gu Kuang's "Bamboo Branches", which are all seven words and four sentences, and their sentence patterns may be various。Because when he sings, he needs to beat the drum to the festival. ，So the rhythm of its language must be distinct，But it does not necessarily have a standard rhyme pattern like the seven-character quatrains，And "the singers dance together，He who has many songs is wise." ，Can be used for multiple chorus，You can also sing solo，You can also perform group dances according to melody，One song is a lot of songs，Or many segments，It's not gonna be one of the seven wonders。Of course, this is just my unsubstantiated conjecture, not a credible theory, just put forward an idea。

    Second, the reason, purpose and credential of Liu Yuxi's "changing wind"


    Liu Yuxi: The cause and purpose of "changing the wind" are expressed in the introduction of his "Nine and Citing", but the poem (including the introduction) seeks to be refined, just said a major point, and there are many deep reasons that are not described in detail. The author tries to start from this introduction and make several inferences:
 

    1. Rites and music are the institutional embodiment of the identity and power of the ruling class since the slavery society。The failure of rites and the failure of music is the symbol of the collapse of the imperial power。After Confucius, the "most sacrosanct teacher" of feudal society, put forward the idea of "restoring the rites"，The importance of rites and music was again mentioned by the ruler as sacred，Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi says, "I picked ballads from Xiao Wu Li Yufu.，Therefore, there is Zhao dynasty, Qin Chu wind，They all feel sorrow and joy，It happened because of something，You can also look at customs，Know the thin and thick clouds。That is, in order to consolidate the rule, the ruler also specially established a set of Yuefu institutions and poetry collection system, collecting folk songs, "to observe customs, know the thickness." 。The Confucian poetry teaching also emphasizes the political function and social significance of poetry, and believes that poetry can best help the emperor to influence people's hearts and govern the world。If the emperor attached importance to the role of poetry in political education, in the form of poetry to make up for the current politics, guide human feelings, learn from poetry, hear and accept advice, you can communicate with the people, reconcile social contradictions, relief people's diseases, bribing times, so that the emperor "droped and reason"。Therefore, "Yue Fu" and "music" became a very important thing for the feudal scholastic officials. They were a bridge for them to communicate with Kings and realize political aspirations。This is why Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi both attached great importance to "Yuefu" and "Yuefu poetry"。This is the same as contemporary political figures attach importance to public opinion propaganda work。

    2. The "An Shi Chaos" played a destructive role in the "collapse of rites and music" of the Tang Empire。In the middle Tang Dynasty, there was a Renaissance of literature。During this period, most intellectuals hoped to make a difference, and a group of political reformers and important poets and writers such as Wang Shuwen, Wang 伾, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi emerged, which also changed the atmosphere of the literary world。Liu Yuxi is not only an important member of Wang Shuwen's "Eternal Zhen Reform", but also a famous poet, writer and thinker。He not only has the philosophical thought of "adapting to change", but also has the political desire to eliminate disadvantages, change customs and make achievements。After the failure of the political reform, he had no choice but to settle for the second place, to follow the political education function of Confucian poetry, to make up for the current politics, and to guide human feelings。Deep in his heart, there is also the will to revitalize Yuefu。In his introduction to Dong Ting's Wuling Ji Ji, he once said: "From Jianan Ting to Yongming Ting, the writers stood next to each other, singing and contrasting, shaping wind and zero rain, looking high, cicadas and birds singing, and verging in history。For this reason, the state dynasty has been revived, and the chapters have been followed by those who are distinguished。Soldier xing himself also, right Wushanggong。Gongqing doctor to worry about relief as a duty, not busy people in between。So the wind tonnes of breath。Yuefu law, can not be enough new words to degree。Night irony duty, lonely no discipline。It can be seen that the Yuefu poetry collection system has been in a depressed or abandoned state after the "An Shi Rebellion"。Liu Yuxi himself often indicated in his poems the meaning of "to provide for Yuefu" and "to be the one who collects poems", indicating that in addition to his personal interests, he also had the political purpose of revitalizing Yufu, restoring the system of collecting poems, and using poems to describe the people's feelings for poem collectors to adopt, guiding public opinion and propaganda, so as to influence the hearing and hearing of the Son of Heaven。

    3. Liu Yuxi also made many achievements and innovations in literary creation。Since "The Wind" and "SAO"，China became a country of poetry teaching，Especially the Tang Dynasty became the heyday of poetry，So during the period of literary revival in the Middle Tang Dynasty，Liu Yuxi wanted to make a difference in literature，It is inevitable that there will be "the ancestor" and "the Emperor will flourish". ，Inherit and develop the Book of Songs, Qu Yuan, especially the poetry tradition since the Tang Dynasty。When he was demoted to Langzhou，Discover the folk bamboo Ci "Feather of Yellow Bell" ，"Fierce criticism like Wu Yin" ，"Han thought like a thought，There is the beautiful sound of Qi Ao" ，That is, it has a good artistic foundation and value，He can also draw folk literature nutrition from it，If the processing is improved，It can also influence later generations by opening a new poetic style like Qu Yuan，Worth it。

    4, Liu Yuxi itself has a high musical literacy, which from Bai Juyi "dream" poem after the note "dream can sing bamboo branches, the listener is sad.。And numerous musical works in Liu's own poems，Such as "Liangzhou", "Worship song", "Wei City", "Spring breeze song", "Nishang", "Bo Mei", "Spring River Song" can be seen，所以，He is keen on collecting, sorting, processing and improving music tunes and lyrics，Even start a new style，This is inseparable from personal interests。On the contrary, we can hardly imagine that a person who does not know music and does not love music will be keen on collecting and processing folk songs。

    5, from Liu Yuxi's "Don't Kui Zhou officials" poem, "only nine lyrics, stay in and race god" sentence can be seen, folk worship God, entertainment activities, also need a new type of lyrics and melody。
The above points are the reasons, purposes and credentials of Liu Yuxi's "change of wind"。

    Third, what has Liu Yuxi's "changing wind" changed

    From the introduction of Liu Yuxi's "Nine Poems", we can see that he himself pointed out two important aspects of his "changing wind" for us。In addition, we can also draw out several relevant important contents from these two aspects, namely:

    1. Changed the musical tunes of Zhuzhici。Although the bamboo branches in the middle of the children sing together "Huang Zhong feather", "like Wu voice", "containing thoughts like a turn", "there is a beautiful sound of Qi Ao", but after all "vulgar", that is, still a little vulgar, not very smooth。In order to enter Yuefu through the poet and reach the Son of Heaven, we must carry out some artistic finishing。"Vulgar" voices will not be collected by poetry collectors, nor will they achieve the purpose of reflecting the feelings of the people, and this must be treated with special caution。Liu Yuxi himself is well versed in music theory, so he has the ability to transform and improve this "vulgar" sound and make it a fine music。His reform of this tune should be very successful, otherwise, Bai Juyi will never listen to his own singing after the "sad" evaluation。

    2. Changed the folk song lyrics of "many humble words"。Although the introduction does not directly talk about the "many humble words" sung by Longzhou Li Zhonger of bamboo branches, he quotes Qu Yuan because the song "many humble words, is" nine songs "" between the Xiangyuan to meet the God", which implies that the lyrics sung by these Zhonger also have the same defect, so he imitates Qu Yuan's "nine bamboo poems". 。This, I also feel。When I was young, I also went back to Shimen hometown mountain area in northwest Hunan Province to collect a large number of folk songs。Many wonderful and healthy folk songs make me unforgettable all my life, but I have also heard many folk songs with lively language but vulgar content. I think this situation should be the same in ancient and modern times。With his superb poetic talent, Liu Yuxi removed the dregs from the folk songs and took the essence, and wrote a batch of new lyrics with high interest and artistic conception, which won unanimous praise from many poets。For example, Huang Tingjian of the Northern Song Dynasty said: "Liu Meng has nine chapters of bamboo songs, the meaning of words is high and wonderful, Yuan and between sincerity can walk alone, Tao customs and not vulgar, chasing after ancient times and not worthy.。The great writer Su Shi even exclaimed: "This rush of Yi dust, can not be chased.。Liu Yuxi himself is also very proud of this, he wrote in his own poem: "Please don't listen to the song of the previous dynasty, listen to the renovation of the willow branches.。It can be seen that his change of wind in both the lyrics and tunes of Zhuzhici is very successful。

    3. Liu Yuxi changed many literati from the people，Detached writing style，He put down the AIRS of literati，Go to the people，Go deep among the masses，Go deep into life，Enrich yourself with the nourishment of folk literature，Boldly meld into his own poetry，And let the masses in the reception of God, entertainment activities to sing，This style of work，Even with the modern proletarian revolutionary leaders proposed that the writer must go deep into life，The spirit of service to workers, peasants and soldiers has something in common。

    4. It has obviously changed the solemn and elegant language style of traditional poetry，Don't be afraid to use selected and refined folk slang，And use pun, homophony, overlap, loop and other rhetorical devices，The sentence pattern that makes the seven absolutes become different from the seven absolutes，A new poetry style of folk song that is both elegant and popular，And make it have strong artistic expression and strong artistic vitality。

    5. In this transformation of poetic form and language style, some works, such as "Waves Rushing Sand" and "Ouigour Song", were produced.，Especially the short and long sentence pattern of "Qing Xiang Ci" (namely "Xiaoxiang God") and other works，It also directly excavates the source of Ci, another important genre form in Chinese poetry，Formed the first prototype of the word，Foreshadowed and led the following Tang poetry，Another climax that changed the form and style of Chinese poetry even more dramatically came。


    Iv. The formal characteristics of Liu Yuxi's Zhuzhici after "changing wind"


    The main feature of the Zhuzhici after Liu Yuxi's finishing and processing, that is, the Zhuzhici after "changing wind", is to establish the basic sentence pattern of seven words and four sentences。This sentence pattern is divided into two cases in terms of rhyme: one is that its rhyme fully conforms to the level and oblique norms of the seven-character verse, and the rhyme is balanced。It can be said that this situation has been completely transformed into seven absolutes in terms of sentence pattern and rhyme, and only in terms of language, it is more free and lively than the seven absolutes。The other is to completely get rid of the seven rhymes of the bondage, forming a distinctive folk characteristics of the quasi-folk style。
After the change of wind, why should the seven absolute？There are three reasons for this:

    The first is that the seven forms have obvious advantages。It is more concise than the ancient songs and rhyming poems, and larger than the capacity of the five absolutes. The four sentences can constitute the four processes of narrative transition, and form a complete narrative framework of simplifying and enriching the unity of opposites。In addition, the number of memory blocks in the human brain is less than seven, which is the easiest to remember。After seven, the more you have, the worse your memory。Therefore, the seven best for quick narrative lyrical, let people remember, easy to spread。In addition to its rhyme requirements, it makes it catchy, rich in music, easy to enter music, and people like to hear。

    The second is fashion。Because of its formal advantages, it became a poetic form that poets liked to use very much in the early and prosperous Tang Dynasties after the law was finalized, and a large number of excellent works emerged, and became popular in the world and social fashion。As Tang Xueyongweak "collection of different records" said: "The huan Kai Changling, Gao Shi in the snow together attainment banner pavilion, there are ten pear garden officials will drink。After a while, there are four young singers, playing music to each other。Three people hold the furnace to view, invite all the Ling ode three people's poems。The first Lingo Changling poetry, following a Lingo Gao Yi poetry, following a Lingo Fu Changling poetry。Zhihuan, because he referred to the best of the ling, said: "If this son sings, if it is not my poem, I will avoid the banquet for life.。So the good ling girl sound, fruit 'Yellow River far between the white clouds' a definitely。Changling, Gao is impressed。This fully shows that for a long time before Liu Yuxi, the seven unique poems into music have already become the fashion of popular music in Liyuan Teaching Square, and have also become a symbol of the prosperity of literature and art in the prosperous Tang Dynasty。

    The third is due to personal strengths。Liu Yuxi himself is a master of the use of the seven perfections, Lu Shiyong said in the "Poetry Mirror" volume 36: "Liu Yuxi is good at sending complaints, seven words of its best。Guan Shiming "Read the Xueshan house Tang poem preface example" cloud: "Liu guest has no body unprepared, for everyone, the mountains and seas in the swan sentence.。Hu Zai in the "Shaozi River Yu hidden Cong words" will Liu Yuxi and Du Fu compared to say that Liu and Du "in the rhyme can be poor strong even", "and Guanyu small poem, can be higher.。Wang Fuzhi said in "Jiang Zhai's Poems" : "Seven words and verses...... to Liu Meng and then macro, out of nature, •••• all Waner into a chapter, the holy sign of small poems.。One said that his seven absolutes were higher than the poetry saint Du Fu, and one praised him as "the holy sign of small poetry", which shows that Liu Yuxi's attainments of writing seven absolutes are high。Therefore, it is not natural for me to take the seven absolute poems that I have mastered as the first choice of the form of Changfeng Zhuzhi Ci？

    As for the formal characteristics of Zhuzhi Ci, we still start from the text to summarize。First look at Liu Yuxi's "Zhuzhi Ci" two:

Willow Qingqing river level, smell Lang river singing songs。
Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny but sunny。

There are many rivers and rains in the Bashan mountains, and the Ba people can sing their native songs。
At present, the north Guest is thinking of returning, returning to the OuGRE's robe。

    The rhyme of its level and oblique tones is exactly in line with +|+ one +| one, + one +|| one。+ 1 | 11 |, +|+ 1 | 1。It is a rhyming pattern of seven different words and tines。(one is flat, | is oblique, and + is a symbol that can be flattened or oblique)

   Another example is Liu Yuxi's "Walking on the Embankment" three songs:

The wine flag looked at the head of the levee, the levee even oar levee upstairs。
The OARS are crowded with people crossing the OARS at twilight。

Jiangnan Jiangbei look at the smoke wave, the night pedestrian corresponding song。
Peach leaves spread love bamboo branch resentment, water infinite moon Ming。

Spring dike curling around the water hovering, wine house flag pavilion opened。
Day evening floor call estimate guest, Ke e great 艑 sail to。

    This is + 1 +|| 1, +|+ 1 +| 1。+|+ 11 ||, + 1 +|| - that is, the first sentence of the seven rhyming pattern。Only the fourth word "Lu" in the first second sentence is out of order。Although the fifth and sixth words and oblique words of the third sentence of the second first are inconsistent with the pattern，But it still works with variant formats，That's +| 1 | 1 |，And this sentence pattern has been used by poets all along，Such as Du Fu's "It is the good scenery of Jiangnan" ，Liu Yuxi's "Old Moon East of Huai River" ，Sushi's "wind to the wind suddenly blow away" and so on。

    One thing must be pointed out in particular, from Liu Yuxi to many later poets who wrote numerous bamboo poems, few of the first sentence does not rhyme, and all of them are rhymed。Therefore, Yiping rhyme should be the basic characteristic of Zhuzhici after "changing wind"。Mr. Xia Yingyun listed the characteristics of Zhuzhici in his article "Talking about Zhuzhici" (published in Liu Yuxi's Research Collection edited by Liu Mengchu and Ding Xingyu)，When it comes to the format of bamboo Ci Yun: "Lu Pinfang's poetry Rhythm Spectrum" summarizes that there are two formats of bamboo Ci: two sentences and fourteen characters in the first box，Two square rhymes，It means flat and oblique tones，Flat and oblique tones。For example: 'Hibiscus together with one heart, flowers invade the lattice eye should wear。As long as the second word of each sentence is used in a flat voice, in addition to the rhyme of other words are not limited to level and oblique。The second grid, four sentences twenty-eight characters, the first, second, and fourth lines of Yingping rhyme is one eleven + one, |+ one +++ one。One +| one +|, one || one。Such as "mountain peaches and red flowers on top, Shujiang spring water beat mountain flow.。The bonus is easy to decay like Lang Yi, and the water flow is infinite like you worry。However, because the words of bamboo branches are harmonious, often the above level and oblique requirements may not be achieved。”

    Mr. Xia quoted Lu Pinfang as saying that there are only two kinds of forms of Zhuzhi Ci, the first one is two-sentence pattern, and the second one is the seven-character four-sentence pattern in which he draws tonal symbols。The first two-sentence pattern is obviously a normal and moderate sentence pattern of two sentences, which does not cross the Leichi half step, and even the one, three and five words that can be flat and oblique are strictly used in accordance with the level and oblique rules, which is obviously the product of the popularity of the rhythm sentence。And Mr. Xia then said, "as long as the second word of each sentence is used in a flat voice, in addition to the rhyme of other words are not limited to level and oblique.。"I'm afraid that's not quite accurate。As far as the author knows, there are six Zhuzhicci in the Tang Dynasty with seven words and two sentences。如：

    Betel nut flower hair (bamboo branch) partridge cry (daughter), male flying miasma (bamboo branch) female also fly (daughter)。

    Kapok (bamboo branch) Lychee (daughter), thousands of flowers (bamboo branch) to Lang return (daughter)。

    It can be clearly seen that this is a harmonic lyrics, except for the "female" and "yi" characters in the second sentence of the first song, and the fourth word "flower" in the second sentence of the second song, the rest basically conform to the format of + 1 +|| 11。Of course, it can also be said that it does not act according to the seven absolute sentences, because in the seven absolute sentences, there are never two consecutive sentences with exactly the same rhythm。This form of seven words and two sentences appeared in the era of Liu Yuxi, and the later users are very few, did not become the mainstream form, we may consider it as a special case, and may even be one of the original forms of Zhuzhici, and was used by Huang Fu Song。

    Shavin said the second box，That is, "Four sentences and twenty-eight characters，The level and oblique symbols marked in the first, second and fourth rhymes，Does not conform to any of the tonal patterns of the seven，The example poem is actually a kind of seven words and four sentences without telling the tonal pattern，Moreover, the author is Liu Yuxi himself, who changes the wind，There is no need to force a tonal pattern for it that is neither donkey nor horse，It is more safe to identify it as a folk style bamboo CI that does not speak the tonal pattern。

    Mr. Xia also related to the five-character sentence pattern of bamboo Ci。The five words of the bamboo branch first appeared in the Song Dynasty He Zhu, who wrote "Changing bamboo branches" nine。The word "change" in his own title can be seen as a variation of Liu Yuxi's later seven words。He also said cloud: "Hundred Days Yin on the river Xiashi play, to replace wine.。This kind of "change" body work of "play for it" cannot be compared with Liu Yuxi's solemn attitude of changing the wind。This five-character form did not develop into a mainstream later, so it should also be regarded as a variant。

    Therefore, the morphological characteristics of the bamboo Ci written by Liu Yuxi when the wind changed, if there are a few cases, then it is the combination of three basic formats and free forms。The three basic formats are:

    1, zeph the first sentence of the seven words of rhymes。

    2, leveling the first sentence of the seven words of the rhyme。

    3, do not pay attention to the level, but the seven words of ancient rhymes, or the seven words and four sentences of folk songs。

    The free combination form is: these three forms can be divided into separate pieces, can also be mixed, can also be divided into different parts to form a group of poems, many can reach hundreds of poems。

    After Liu Yuxi advocated bamboo poems, imitators in the past dynasties were like clouds, and its form also changed a lot. In addition to the above seven-sentence two-sentence pattern and five-sentence four-sentence pattern, it is mainly manifested in the following points:

    1. Breaking through the habit of using rhymes only in flat tones, oblique tones and Zhuzi words appeared。

    2. There are more bamboo words that do not tell the tonal pattern。For example, Yuan Dynasty Liu Shen's "Yuanzhou Zhuzhi Ci" (seven) mostly so, just one example:

Life is like making friends, life is not too hot。
When the heat is easy to change in autumn, the month can be 10,000 miles long with guests。

    They use oblique rhymes in tones and do not talk about the tonal pattern of the seven absolutives, but only seek smooth meaning and are not bound by rhymes and rhymes。In this way, there is a fourth case, that is, it does not pay attention to the level and oblique tones, but can also be oblique tones of seven words and four sentences。

    After a comprehensive review of the Zhuzhici of various dynasties since Liu Yuxi, all the famous poets, such as Bai Juyi, Huang Tingjian, Su Shi, Yang Wanli, Wang Shizhen, Yuan Hongdao, Zhu Zunyi and so on, most of the rhymes of the Zhuzhici written by them are in line with the seven unique tonal patterns。I suspect they may be afraid of provoking criticism from the literati, so they adhere to this law。Some other poets, who are not very influential, have no scruples, so they dare to boldly explore, not to stick to the law, to use a lot of poems, and even completely break the shackles of the formula, and use the form of folk songs instead of seven absolute sentences。Therefore, when it came to the Qing Dynasty, Dong Wenhuan simply said in the "Tone Four Spectrum Diagram" : "To the Zhuzhici, its style is not ancient and not law, semi-miscellaneous ballads, and the method of tonal pattern is between the two, ancient and law, and not all use the ancient style, if the sound of nature comes, it is not always detained.。”
 

    Five, the language characteristics of Zhuzhici

    The language styles of several main forms of ancient Chinese poetry are known as poetry, poetry, melody and harmony。Zhuzhi Ci is a kind of poetic form between poetry and ci，It is not as solemn and elegant as the language of archaic and metrical poetry，Nor is the language of words so sharp and new and charming，It's not as witty or spicy as Qu's language，The author thinks that the language style characteristic of Zhuzhi Ci is popular and fresh，Make oneself at ease，In short, "live." 。It is manifested in:

    1, the use of folk dialects, colloquial language, slang, colloquial language, lively, do not talk about the opposite, rarely use the classics, but in the plain to see the deep meaning, shallow hidden truth, popular with elegant interest, humor in the spicy, with a strong local flavor and life。

    2, often use overlap, loop, pun, homophony and other rhetorical devices to express old feelings, resulting in artistic effects and artistic conception with thinking and fun。

    3, the language has a strong sense of rhythm and musicality, suitable for music。That's all there is to it now。

    It is precisely because of the expression of the life of the people, and pay attention to the adoption of The Times and folk vivid language, so that it has a long source of vitality, which is one of the reasons for the long-term artistic vitality of bamboo Ci。

    Six, the theme content of bamboo Ci

    Because Zhuzhici has the inheritance of folk songs and few taboos, its subject matter content is very extensive, especially in the development and evolution process after the Tang Dynasty, the subject matter field continues to expand, and even everything。Sodium can be roughly classified into the following categories:

    1, worship God, entertainment folk customs;
    2, the psychological activities and scenes of male and female love;
    3, people's production and living activities;
    4, local customs and natural scenery;
    5, the world and its feelings and thinking;
    6, refers to the current abuses, reflect the suffering of people's livelihood;
    7. Chanting history, expressing emotions;
    8, sing to each other, spread friendship;
    9. Show urban prosperity;
    10. Describe the joys and sorrows of brothel;
    11. Expose the darkness of officialdom;
    12. Record what you have seen and heard and personal experiences (including major historical events and foreign experiences)。

    Because the subject matter of Zhuzhici can cover any aspect of social life, it is bound to be commonly used by poets, which is also one of the reasons for its long-lasting artistic vitality。

    Seven, the relationship and similarities between Zhuzhici and other similar poetic styles

    1. The relationship, similarities and differences between Zhuzhi Ci and the Seven Jades:

    The seven absolute poems are the important form basis of Liu Yuxi's transformation of folk bamboo Ci。From the point of view of the rhyme, there is no difference between the form and rhyme of Zhuzhici when it is written according to the standard of the seven perfections。In other words, into the law of the Zhuzhi Ci can be regarded as seven absolute, both pay attention to musicality, can be into music。The difference mainly lies in the obvious difference in language style: the language of the seven must be solemn and elegant, and avoid common sayings and oral English。However, the language of Zhuzhici does not avoid the common sayings and colloquial language, and strives to be local, life and lively。In addition, the seven absolute characters do not inadvertently cause the repetition of the word, but do not avoid the word。

    2. The relationship and similarities between bamboo poems and willow poems, willow poems, checking songs, fishing deception, tea picking songs, waves panning sand, etc. :

    From the point of view of sentence pattern, as long as it is seven words and four sentences, no matter whether it is consistent with the rhythm or not, it is also a folk song with similar language style, it can be regarded as the Zhuzhici of quasi-folk songs, especially Yangliuzhi and Liuzhi Ci。The difference between these similar forms should mainly be two points: first, the melody is different, and the second is the content of the performance is different。For example, the checking song must be related to the row, the fishing song must be related to the fishing, and the tea picking song must be the song sung by the tea picker。And no matter what the occasion, what time can be done, can also include such a variety of content。Therefore, Zhu Zunyi, who made a significant contribution to the development of bamboo Ci in the early Qing Dynasty, simply wrote in the preface of one hundred "Yuenyehu Zhao Song" : "Jia Yin at the end of the year, travel food Lu river, speech return to the attempt, love the local wind, into a hundred words.。The language has no explanation, with its many words on the row, the topic said 'Yuanyang Lake checking song', chat than bamboo branches, waves panning sand tone。This puts the quanta, the song, the bamboo branch words, the waves panning sand and other similar forms together, confused, and also represents the opinions of many people。

    3, because the basic sentence pattern of bamboo Ci is seven words and four sentences，So Liu Yuxi's five-word long poem "She Field Line", seven-word long poem "Competition Song", seven-word long poem "mosquito ballad", five-word long poem "Otter singing", seven-word eight-sentence "Collecting diamond line" and many long and short sentences composed of "White Heron" and so on，Although it also has a quasi-folk quality，But it should not be dismissed as a mere anecdote，Because they do not conform to the bamboo Ci seven words and four sentences this most basic formal characteristics。I am in the article "Liu Yuxi's" Zhuzhi Ci "and Bai Juyi's" Yuan He Style ", "New Yuefu" artistic comparison and Bai Xi's influence in the history of poetry "(Liu Mengchu, Ding Xingyu edited" Liu Yuxi Research Collection ")，Liu's "Competing Ferry Song" and "Collecting Ling Line" were included in the category of Zhuzhici，This is wrong，My deepest apologies to our readers。

    Eight, the concept definition of bamboo Ci

    Above, we should have a clearer understanding of the concept of Zhuzhici after a comprehensive review of the form features, language features, subject matter capacity, and the relationship and similarities between Zhuzhici and similar poetry forms。Here, I define "Zhuzhici" as:

    Zhuzhici is a kind of quasi-ballad-style poetry form, which was arranged and processed according to the folk songs of Yuan and Li River basin after the writing idea of Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs" when Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Middle Tang Dynasty, debased the official in Langzhou。Its form is characterized by seven words and four sentences as the basic sentence pattern, which can be written according to the rhythm of seven words, or it can be written without paying attention to the tonal rhythm。It can be written as a single piece or in an unlimited number of groups。In the course of its development and evolution, it has also produced variants such as seven words, two sentences and five words, four sentences。The language is often colloquial and slang，And often use overlap, loop, pun, homophony and other rhetorical devices to express meaning，It has a strong local flavor and life flavor，There is always meaning in the obvious，It contains elegance in popular，Resulting in thoughts，Interesting artistic effect and mood，And the language has a strong musicality，Good for fun。It contains almost all the subject matter content。Since the Middle Tang Dynasty, poets of all dynasties have been very fond of and used a kind of poetry genre with long artistic vitality。

    Nine, the classification of bamboo Ci

    Liu Yuxi clearly pointed out in the introduction of "Nine poems" that the purpose of writing is to "let the good singer escape", and hope that "the following Lingba 歈, know how to change the wind.。That is, he is a new type of lyrics written specifically for "singers"。In addition, Liu Yuxi often expressed his intention and purpose to "devote himself to Yuefu" in the preface of his many folk poems, including Zhuzhici。It can be seen that his works are in line with the standards and needs of Yuefu。Every Yuefu poem title has an obvious sign，That is, they are marked with names such as "song", "song", "ci", "Yin", "line", "Cao" and so on，Zhuzhici indicates the name of the Yuefu lyrics，所以，According to the classification at the time，Bamboo Ci should be classified as "Yuefu Song Ci" or "Yuefu poem"。Now we can say that it is a folk song style or quasi-folk song style poetry is not yet。

    10. The relationship and similarities between Liu Yuxi's bamboo Ci "Changing Wind" and Bai Juyi's "New Yuefu Poetry"

    Since Liu Yuxi's Zhuzhici should be classified as Yuefu poetry, and it is a new Yuefu poetry with the nature of "changing wind", then, what are the relations and similarities and differences between it and the "new Yuefu poetry" advocated by Bai Juyi in the same period？This is clearly a question worth exploring。

    Liu Yuxi advocated that the time of "changing wind" should be the Yuan and early years, according to his own "Nine and Citing" said: "In the first month of the year, I came to Jianping, in the middle of the children to sing bamboo branches ••••• So I made nine bamboo poems." 。He is AD 805, that is, Emperor Dezong Zhenyuan 21 years, that is, Shunzong Yongzhen Yuan in September "Yongzhen innovation" after the failure was banished to Langzhou, so this "year old January" should be the second year of the first month, that is, AD 806 Xianzong Yuan and the first year of the first month。Bai Juyi wrote fifty new Yuefu poems in Yuan and four years, specifically speaking, Liu Yuxi's "changing wind" was slightly earlier than Bai Juyi's "New Yuefu Poems", generally speaking, it was the same period。The reason I put the two together,

    In addition to both being "new Yuefu poems", it is more important to examine the significance of Liu's "changing wind" in a broader social and historical context。

    The new atmosphere of the Middle Tang Dynasty, which is often said by literary historians, is not a new atmosphere of politics and economy, but a new atmosphere of literature。Politically, after the "An Shi Rebellion", vassals were divided and the central government could not control them。Within the imperial court, the eunuchs had exclusive power, and even dominated the change of the imperial throne. The Tang Empire was beset with internal and external difficulties and turbulence。Led by Wang Shuwen, the "eternal Zhen reform" intended to eliminate disadvantages and bring benefits, but it failed in an instant。The political talents of such talented people as Wang Shuwen, Wang 伾 Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, and Bai Juyi cannot be put to use at all. They can only shine in literary works inspired by the dark situation of corruption, which is called "the misfortune of the country and the happiness of the family"。Among them, Han Yu initiated the ancient literature movement, "The Decline of the eight generations of Literature". 。The poems of Han, Liu, Liu and Bai can hardly be compared with the flourishing Tang Dynasty。In terms of philosophical thoughts and literary Fu, it has surpassed the Tang Dynasty, and the rise of novels is even more unique in the Tang Dynasty。In the Yuan and He years, Liu Yuxi's bamboo poems "changing wind" and Bai Juyi's "New Yuefu poems" are two whirlwind and two bright spots in this new atmosphere。

    First of all, in terms of guiding ideology, they have a lot in common。Liu Yuxi advocated that Yufu poems should be "written by events" or "sung by events". 。As he said in the introduction to the Song of Planting Fields: "Under the city of Lianzhou, overlooking the village market, occasionally climbing the county building, I felt it, so I wrote it as a folk song for those who would collect poems.。In the "Fu Jingmen County Record" he also said: "If the ancient creation is built to suit the people and the time is right, it will sing its achievements for future generations.。It can be seen that the purpose of "writing about things" or "singing about things" is to reach the Son of Heaven "to the poet" or "to the Yuefu", to guide the people's feelings, to "be suitable for the people" and "to the law for future generations". 。This is consistent with Bai Juyi's opinion that "articles are combined with time, songs and poems are combined with things" (" With the Yuan Nine books "), "Only songs live the people's disease, and wish to get the Son of Heaven to know" (" Sending Tang Sheng "), and it can also be seen that the influence between his two people。

    However, these are two kinds of poetry whirlwind with obvious difference, which also makes this new weather of literary revival have richer content and color。

    Liu Yuxi's participation in "Yongzhen Innovation" and his advocacy of "changing wind" are based on his philosophical thought of "only change is appropriate"。He launched "change the wind", is after he suffered a serious political blow, although the lofty sentiment is not lost, but he also realized that the abuses of the court can not return, the dark forces are strong, can not fight hard, to stay in the green mountains, only change the way, guide the people, change customs。Although many of his poems also reveal a lot of dissatisfaction, they can still be regarded as "bide your time"。Therefore, on the one hand, he "Zu Feng SAO" and "Zong Sheng Tang", on the other hand, he emphasized innovation and "changing the wind", and put this kind of changing the wind of Yuefu poetry as a way to change the customs and customs to implement, its edge is not as obvious and sharp as Bai Juyi。He wanted to build a peaceful and happy ideal spiritual home for people, "for future generations". 。Therefore, although the elements of realism are not excluded in his Zhuzhi poems, the romanticism is more vivid。

    When Bai Juyi advocated "new Yuefu poetry", he had not suffered a political blow (he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima only in the Yuan and ten years), and he had served as a remonster-official, and his spirit was stronger than Liu Yuxi during this period, so he dared to point out the abuses of the palace city, the disaster of war, the suffering of the people's livelihood, and so on。In this period, his "new Yuefu poetry" not only has a clear realism, but also has obvious colors of admonishing officials, fighters and political utility, and lacks the ideal height of romanticism。

    From the point of view of poetic form, Bai's "New Yuefu poetry" is much freer than Liu's Zhuzhici, it has no definite sentences, no definite words, and it can be expressed arbitrarily。Bai himself explained its artistic characteristics clearly in the New Yuefu Preface: "The quality of its rhetoric is simple, and those who want to see it are easy to tell;His words straight and cut, want to hear the deep commandments also;Its matter is nuclear and real, so that it is easy to write also;Its body is smooth and unrestrained, can be played in the movement of the song。Bai's "New Yuefu poems" are criticized by many later critics for their emphasis on preaching and the simplicity of language, which can be summarized by Zhong Xing in the Tang Shigui of Ming Dynasty。Zhong Xing Yun: "Yuan, white shallow vulgar place, are not enough disease, is evil its too straight ears.。Poetry is what you want to say, not straight call also。It is not necessary to be a poem。”

    There are obvious restrictions on the form of Zhuzhi Ci, which can only have seven and four sentences each, but can form a group of poems to narrative。Dialect slang may also be used in language。The same use of slang in poetry, why is Bai criticized, but Liu has been praised？The key is the word "straight.。Bamboo poems have only seven and four sentences, so they must be short and concise。Even if the use of vulgar slang, but can touch stone into gold, but also to avoid the "quality straight" and "preach", but also shallow to see deep, in the fun, vulgar contains elegant, lively and interesting。This is the biggest difference between the two formal languages。Because of its excellent form and language, and in line with the purpose of "complaining but not angry", "sorrow but not hurt", "joy but not lewd", "thinking without evil" in Chinese poetry education, it is still loved and used by poets today。However, Bai's "New Yuefu poetry" does not have such a long artistic vitality, which is the reason, which is also an important difference between the two。

    Xi. The literary significance of bamboo poems and new Yuefu Poems

    Social change or political renewal is often guided by public opinion。This public opinion is often initiated by some far-sighted intellectuals。These two new styles of Yuefu poetry triggered by Liu and Bai in the Yuan and years，In essence, they are two new literary styles with a desire for political change，Unfortunately, at that time, the political malpractices and chronic diseases of the Tang Dynasty were already very serious，These two new Yuefu poetry whirlwind did not give a great impetus to social change，However, it left a bright color in the history of Chinese poetry。The political wish of both Liu and Bai to change the dark reality by using poetry to raise people's feelings to the Son of Heaven through the poet gatherer can only be a beautiful and illusory fantasy。In the period of Xianzong Yuanhe, when they initiated these two new Yuefu storms, there were successively rebellions in Sichuan, Zhenhai, Chengde, Huaixi, Henan and other provinces, which was really filled with war and made the people miserable。Troubled Xianzong Tianzi, where there is a mind to listen to the poet nagging, where there is the ability to fill the time, stability of the world？Liu and Bai's contributions are only reflected in literature，That is, Zhuzhici and New Yuefu poems not only reflect the innovative spirit of Liu and Bai in poetry，It also reflects two aspects of that era: Bai's new Yuefu poems reveal the darkness of that era and the suffering of people's livelihood，And the voice of upright intellectuals;Liu's Zhuzhi poems paint an ideal spiritual home that people yearn for，It reflects the aspirations of the people at that time to pursue an ideal society，And created a genre for later generations that could accommodate any genre，And the use of thousands of years have not abandoned the poetic form，It even became another important form of poetry later -- the beginning of Ci，Also for poets to folk，Absorb folk nutrition and innovation，Set a shining example。

    In this sense, Liu Yuxi is immortal!

August 2015, 渫 Yangshanfang